The Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) provides the United States with military communications to support globally distributed military users. Beginning in 2007, DSCS is being replaced by the Wideband Global SATCOM system. A total of 14 DSCS-III satellites were launched between the early 1980s and 2003. Two satellites were launched aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1985 during the STS-51-J flight. As of 23 November 2015, seven DSCS-III satellites were still operational. DSCS operations are currently run by the 3d Space Operations Squadron out of Schriever Air Force Base.

Remote sensing satellites can provide accurate and timely information of the disaster affected areas. Since the earthquake of 2005, SUPARCO has provided satellite imagery, damage assessment reports and other information to the disaster management and mitigation agencies. The turnaround time from a disaster occurring in Pakistan to the provision of imagery is less than two days. SUPARCO has also been involved in contingency planning in collaboration with UN agencies

SpaceX is developing a family of launch vehicles intended to reduce the cost and increase the reliability of access to space. The SpaceX design and manufacturing facilities are located in Southern California, near the Los Angeles airport, and the propulsion development and structural test facilities are located in Central Texas.The Falcon 9 is a 2-stage launch vehicle powered by LOX/RP engines. The first stage generates 765,000 1bf of thrust (sea-level) using nine Merlin engines, and the second stage generates 96,000 1bf (vacuum) using a single Merlin engine. Both stages use gimbaled engines for guidance. Falcon 9 offers engine-out capability for the first stage.

A large number of satellites is used today to explore the earth's atmosphere, the oceans, the earth's structure and the biosphere. Satellites employ a large variety of instruments and techniques from remote sensing and inverse problems to monitor and visualize physical, chemical and biological processes taking place above, in or on the surface of our planet earth

satellite was launched, geostationary satellites were put into orbit. These satellites "sit" along the equator and move at the same speed as the Earth rotates. This gives them the appearance of staying still at the same point above Earth. It also allows them to continuously view the same region (the Northern and Western Hemispheres) throughout the course of a day, which is ideal for monitoring real-time weather for use in short term weather forecasting, like severe weather warnings.What's one thing geostationary satellites don't do so well? Take sharp images or "see" the poles as well as it's polar orbiting brother. In order for geostationary satellites to keep pace with Earth, they must orbit at a greater distance from it (an altitude of 22,236 miles (35,786 km) to be exact). And at this increased distance, both image detail and views of the poles (due to Earth’s curvature) are lost.

India to be self-sufficient technologically, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering will invest in state-of-the-art manufacturing technology and address the issue of energy in the context of the global energy environment. The current focus is on the globalised competitiveness and increased awareness of the environment which made the manufacturing significantly different with more emphasis on competitive technologies and management approaches. The Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering will address to the need of clean technologies that involve carbon capture and storage, investment in renewable sources of energy, alternative fuels are seen as vital R&D needs of the country. India also needs to improve efficiencies in its transportation sector, energy producing devices and cleaner coal technologies

The future of the world is going to be technology driven and knowledge driven. For India to be self-sufficient technologically, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering will invest in state-of-the-art manufacturing technology and address the issue of energy in the context of the global energy environment. The current focus is on the globalised competitiveness and increased awareness of the environment which made the manufacturing significantly different with more emphasis on competitive technologies and management approaches. The Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering will address to the need of clean technologies that involve carbon capture and storage, investment in renewable sources of energy, alternative fuels are seen as vital R&D needs of the country. India also needs to improve efficiencies in its transportation sector, energy producing devices and cleaner coal technologies

Electronic communication can take place in one-way or two-way transmission mode. One-way communication mode is a simple communication wherein a receiver lacks the ability to communicate back. The two-way communications may be half duplex or full duplex communication wherein a receiver can communicate with the transmitter.A Satellite communication is a technology that is used to transfer the signals from the transmitter to a receiver with the help of satellites. It can be used in different mobile applications that involve communication with the ships, vehicles and radio broadcasting services. The power and bandwidth of these satellites depend on the specifications like complexity, size and cost

analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake or seismic engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or collapse in a major earthquake. Earthquake engineering is the scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment. A dynamic analysis is also related to the inertia forces developed by a structure when it is excited by means of dynamic loads applied suddenly (e.g., wind blasts, explosion, earthquake).A static load is one which varies very slowly. A dynamic load is one which changes with time fairly quickly in comparison to the structure's natural frequency. If it changes slowly, the structure's response may be determined with static analysis, but if it varies quickly relative to the structure's ability to respond, the response must be determined with a dynamic analysis.Dynamic analysis for simple structures can be carried out manually, but for complex structures finite element analysis can be used to calculate the mode shapes and frequencies.

A military satellite is an artificial satellite used for a military purpose. The most common missions are intelligence gathering, navigation and military communications. The first military satellites were photographic reconnaissance missions. Some attempts were made to develop satellite based weapons but this work was halted in 1967 following the ratification of international treaties banning the deployment of weapons of mass destruction in orbit. As of 2013, there are 950 satellites of all types in Earth orbit. It is not possible to identify the exact number of these that are military satellites partly due to secrecy and partly due to dual purpose missions such as GPS satellites that serve both civilian and military purposes.

Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind, emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.  Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial weather of the Earth's atmosphere troposphere and stratosphere. The science of space weather is focused on fundamental research and practical applications. The term space weather was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s.the magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.  Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial weather of the Earth's atmosphere troposphere and stratosphere. The science of space weather is focused on fundamental research and practical applications. The term space weather was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s

Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth sciences. In particular, it considers interactions between the Earth's "sphere atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, biosphere and, even, the magnetosphere as well as the impact of human societies on these components. At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, paleontology, sociology, and space science. Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems, the resulting organization and time evolution of these systems, and their stability or instability. Subsets of Earth system science include systems geology^[ and systems ecology, and many aspects of Earth system science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science.

 radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a given surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Spectral radiance is the radiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. These are directional quantities. he radiance divided by the index of refraction squared is invariant in geometric optics. This means that for an ideal optical system in air, the radiance at the output is the same as the input radiance. This is sometimes called conservation of radiance. For real, passive, optical systems, the output radiance is at most equal to the input, unless the index of refraction changes. As an example, if you form a demagnified image with a lens, the optical power is concentrated into a smaller area, so the irradiance is higher at the image. The light at the image plane, however, fills a larger solid angle so the radiance comes out to be the same assuming there is no loss at the lens.

Satellite Networks was founded in 1987 by brothers Joshua and Amiram Levinberg, Yoel Gat, Shlomo Tirosh, Arik Keshet, and Gideon Kaplan. In its early days, Gilat struggled to compete with larger and better-established companies the likes of EchoStar In 1998, Gilat was involved in founding Global Village Telecom (GVT), a company that build a satellite-based phone network for remote locations in South America using the VSAT technology that was developed by Gilat. During 1998 and 1999 GVT won tenders to build rural phone networks in Colombia, Chile and Peru.

Materials science in science fiction is the study of how materials science is portrayed in works of science fiction. The accuracy of the materials science portrayed spans a wide range – sometimes it is an extrapolation of existing technology, sometimes it is a physically realistic portrayal of a far-out technology, and sometimes it is simply a plot device that looks scientific, but has no basis in science. Critical analysis of materials science in science fiction falls into the same general categories. The predictive aspects are emphasized, for example, in the motto of the Georgia Tech's department of materials science and engineering – Materials scientists lead the way in turning yesterday's science fiction into tomorrow's reality. This is also the theme of many technical articles, such as Material By Design: Future Science or Science Fiction? found in IEEE Spectrum, the flagship magazine of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Satellites are used for many purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit . A launch vehicle is a rocket that throws a satellite into orbit. Usually it lifts off from a launch pad on land. Some are launched at sea from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform, or aboard a plane see air launch to orbit .Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.

A satellite dish is a dish-molded kind of explanatory receiving antenna design which was intended to get electromagnetic signs from satellites, which transmit information transmissions or communicates, for example, satellite TV. A dish that is mounted on a shaft and driven by a stepper engine or a servo can be controlled and turned to confront any satellite position in the sky. Engine driven dishes are prominent with devotees.

The Materials Used in Artificial Satellites and Space Structures. We depend on satellites and structures in space for correspondences like never before some time recently. They assist furnish us with TV pictures, phone calls and a wide assortment of correspondence signals, while surviving the threatening condition of room.