International Conference and Exhibition on Satellite August 17-19, 2015 Houston, Texas, USA

Mikko Kanerva has completed his PhD from Aalto University. He teaches courses such asrnAircraft Structures and Aircraft Structural Design in Aalto University. He has been runningrnseveral research projects in the Lightweight Structures group at the Department of AppliedrnMechanics. He publishes continuously in reputed scientific journals and serves as the representative of Finland for the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS).

Radiation shields, namely enclosures or housings, of satellites and other spacecraft have been traditionally made of aluminum alloys. The design criteria of enclosures include tailored heat transfer, mechanical rigidity (eigenfrequencies), low weight and, above all, protectionrnagainst radiation from the space environment. The radiation content includes proton and electronrndose as well as bombardment by alpha and beta particles. The ever more stringent weightrnminimization in spacecraft projects favors carbon or graphite-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) as structural material. However, electron attenuation using CFRP is not efficient and hybrid designs exploiting high atomic weight metal (e.g. tungsten) foils are necessary. In addition to rolled foils,rnsintered powder metallurgy-based tungsten alloy foils have been developed by Plansee Group.rnThe stacking sequence and lay-up can be optimized using commercial codes, e.g. ESAComp,rnfrom the mechanical point of view. Radiation protection characteristics are in a similar fashion numerically pre-designed and experimentally verified. The manufacture of hybrid laminatesrninvolves modified surface treatments in order to ensure necessary adhesion between CFRP and tungsten foils. Hence specialized adhesion promoting coatings, such as nano-carbon coatings by Diarc Technology Inc. have been applied on tungsten foils.

Leonid M. Lobanov is a professor and deputy director of the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute (Kiev), academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; he is the author of more than 700 scientific papers and 60 patents. He heads the institute\'s division, one of the main aims of which is the creation of advanced transformable structures for space techniques.

Modern satellites have passed a large way of evolution due to the development of technologies of microminiaturization of their components. At the same time many missions require the launch of large-size objects to the orbit, such as reflectors of different-purpose antennas and pivot antennas, thermal shields for space telescopes, load-carrying and extending truss structures, passive satellites, etc., and in many cases various methods can be used for their transformation into a compact form during the time of their delivery to the orbit. There are known successful experiments with balloon satellites, inflatable antenna experiment (IAE), being in-service a mirror antenna on NASA\'s new SMAP observatory and challenging developments in this field, such as chemically-rigidized expandable structures (“CRES”) etc. The mentioned structures, known as deployable structures, are made in the most cases of soft materials, and the separate task is to impart a spatial rigidity to the transformable shells using different methods. rnThe technology of volume deformation, developed at the E.O.Paton Electric Welding Institute (PWI), allows designing vacuum-tight deployable shell structures of sheet metals that provide their load-carrying properties and high shock resistance. These structures, named transformable-volume structures (TVS), are the embodiment of experience of successful orbital experiments of the PWI and can be alternative to the known technologies in those cases, when the forced support of design shape of the shell is difficult or not rational, being a simple and reliable assembly having a potentiality to change one of the linear sizes by 40 and more times.rn

Jozef Kozar is a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Aeronautics of Technical University of Kosice in Slovakia. He is member of more international scientific and planetary research organizations and is author of several scientific papers focused primarily on Mars, its natural and physical characteristics and their influence on advanced planetary exploration and navigation systems. He is editor-in-chief of international journal of Mars research – Science Mars Journal.

The planetary science of recent days is very focused on our neighbor, planet Mars. Current navigation and positioning systems used by surface rovers or orbital systems are often complicated and their possible maintenance requires a huge effort of the ground control teams on Earth. Construction and design of these probes is expensive, due to necessary redundancy of their on-board systems, usually consisting of computers, sensors, navigation cameras and other intelligent technologies. Complexity of these current systems is making them very sensitive. Any small error in position calculation can result not only in wrong direction or in bad position determination, but can even endanger the whole mission. For example when such vehicle reaches some danger zone – like the edge of a crater, valley, or rocky area. Precise navigation and timing is one of the key factors of the next steps of Mars research. We are heading towards the next giant leap of Mankind, when the first humans will possibly land on a surface of Mars. Advanced robotic missions including flying robots, surface rovers, new orbital probes and possible future human mission, will need the one universal positioning system and one the universal time service. This can be resolved by proposed global navigation satellite system for Mars. We have used the name FATIMA as acronym for such system, which simply means Fix And TIme provisioning system for MArs. The constellation of FATIMA satellites orbiting Mars will provide real time positioning service, navigation service and timing service, for multiple users. This system will not be analogy to our Earth based GPS, Galileo or Glonass systems, but will be more complex and possibly maintained by the international control body on Earth. The system will be suitable also for the geodetic measurements and for the possible tectonic research of Mars. It will allow us to come personally beyond our own current human world.rn

Sipho Mkhabela has completed Foundation Degree Aeronautical Engineering from Farnborough College of Technology (Degree awarded by Surrey University) United Kingdom, best student in Mathematics, Worked as an engineer at Cennox Plc. Also a member of the Royal Aeronautical Society, London UK.

This research is about Types of Satellites and their Applications, explained the meaning of the word “Satellite” and the basic components of a satellite, How Satellites transmits signals from Earth and back with the use of a transponder. And how Scientists get information by the pictures taken by the cameras and sensors in most of the Satellites- they take pictures of other planets, the sun etc. Satellites are launched into space by rockets. Satellites orbit Earth at different heights, at different speeds and along different paths. The two most common types of orbit are Geostationary and Polar, explained further on this and also attached pictures to show how these work. rnrnI also mentioned and explained different types of Satellites and their use on Earth. E.g. Astronomical Satellites, Biosatellites, Communication Satellites etc. I have also attached pictures for different types of Satellites. Concluded with improvements, importance and down fall/ disadvantages of Satellites and the solutions which are under process to attend to such problems, for example NASA is in the process of designing and building a Robot to assist with Satellite repairs in space.rn

Pavel Grebennikov Graduated from the Department of Landscape science of the Geographical faculty of the Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1998. Specialty – landscape science. He is presently working as a scientific researcher of the Snow avalanches and Debris flows Research Laboratory, Geographical faculty, University from 1999. Research Moscow State interests are the sea ice and its role in the interaction of the ocean and atmosphere.

According to astronomical ephemerides, we calculated the values of coming to the top of the Earth`s atmosphere solar radiation from 3000 BC to 2999 AD. The database of the incoming solar radiation was created for 5 degree latitude zones with a time step of 1/12 of the tropical year. The change of the solar activity was not taken into account. The obtained values of incoming solar radiation were compared with satellite observations data of the sea ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere from 1979 to 2013. Two indicators of the sea ice cover were analyzed. This is the maximum and the minimum sea ice extent.rn We have shown that the reduction of the sea ice extent is highly correlated with spatial and temporal variations of the incoming solar radiation. The higher correlation between the incoming solar radiation and sea ice extent marked while taking into account the accumulation of solar radiation. This is evidence of the heat accumulation in the ocean and atmosphere due to the incoming solar radiation. Thus, the reduction of the sea ice cover is associated with the enhanced greenhouse effect. We have identified close relationship between long-term variability of the sea ice extent and difference of the solar radiation coming to the Equatorial and polar region of the Northern hemisphere. This proves participation of the intensification of the inter-latitude heat transfer in the reduction of the sea ice cover. The inter-latitude heat transfer is enhanced by significant decreasing incoming solar radiation to Polar Regions and some increasing incoming solar radiation to the equatorial region. This effect is determined by the secular changes of the tilting of the Earth\'s rotation axis. Thus, on the basis of satellite and solar radiation data we have identified two factors which determine secular trends of the sea ice extent. The first is inter-latitude heat transfer. The second is the greenhouse effect probably associated with increasing water vapor in the atmosphere and its condensation. The consequence of the intensification of these factors is the trend to reduction of the sea ice cover in the Northern Hemisphere.rn

Alexander S. Kucherov has completed his PhD from Samara State Aerospace University in 1994. He is the head of Academic Division, associate professor of Space Engineering Department. He has published more than 60 papers including 12 papers in reputed journals.

While spacecraft designing, initially there may exist a couple of various design variants and the project may be updated many times. At that, it is necessary to check the impact of altered design parameters on the spacecraft target characteristics and mutual influence of all the changes. The spacecraft is characterized by quite a few parameters linked by a great number of equations. So, it is not always clear whether the design task is correct and tractable, and what the sequence of its solving is. In order to help to design engineers, a problem-oriented designing system (PODS) can be developed. The process of setting and solving of design problems with the help of PODS includes:\r\n- Assignment of the parameters and equations which describe the spacecraft and its systems; \r\n- design problem setting;\r\n- Determination of the problem correctness;\r\n- indicating of equations sets from which every desired variable can be derived;\r\n- breaking of the original equations system into subsystems which have to be solved jointly;\r\n- Determination of the sequence of the equations system solving;\r\n- Determination of desired variables numerical values.\r\nMethodology of PODS engineering is based on the graph theory and the theory of relations. It was implemented in bundled software, developed in Java programming language. The software was tested in several AS systems.\r\n

Edward I. Terez graduated from Leningrad Institute of Aviation Technology with M.S. in Radio Physics in 1963. He was awarded Ph.D.in Astrophysics in 1971 and a Full Professorship Title in 1989. He has been with the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory since 1963. From 1977 until 2003 he also chaired the Department of Astronomy at Simferopol State University (now Taurida National University). His research interests are atmospheric physics and origin of the internal Earth energy.

Currently, a mainstream hypothesis about formation of the Moon is a so-called “mega impact” event. The “mega impact” model well explained all known facts about chemical composition and structure of the Moon. However, as shown in. (Terez EI, Gerasimov ME. Bull. Crimean Astrophysics. Obs. 2009. V.105. P. 129-134.), it is impossible to explain results of several new studies. For example, recent studies of the hydrodynamic modeling of “mega impact” have shown that a large portion (80%) of matter that formed the Moon should have origin from the colliding planet with the Earth and not from the Earth itself. By the way, nowadays, it is firmly established the isotopic identities of Moon’s and Earth’s matter. This is possible only if in the past the Earth had a planet-twin at the identical distance from the Sun with the identical history of the core-mantle separation which is absolutely unreal.\r\nFollowing this discussion, the forgotten hypothesis by George H. Darwin (1913) would be resurrected again. G. Darwin calculated that if the Moon was an integral part of the Earth, the total momentum would result in a rotational period of less than four hours. Thus, duration of the solar tidal effects would be equal to two hours. The resonance effect was then considered that resulted in an increase of the tidal effect and separation of the matter which formed the Moon later. However, more recent studies have illustrated that this theory is not consistent. However, all the inconsistencies disappear if one assumes that the Moon was separated from the Earth as a result of internal thermonuclear explosion in the outer Earth’s core providing expelled mass with initial acceleration. (Terez E I and Terez I E. Int. J. of Astron.and Astroph. 2013, V.3, P. 362-365.). \r\n

Lila S Nair taught mathematics for more than 30 years under University of Kerala, India where she served as an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Mathematics. She retired in 2012 from her academic career. Her credentials include MSc, MPhil and PhD in Space Dynamics working with the renowned Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (branch of Indian Space Research Organization). Her major works concentrate on predicting orbits of artificial satellite using perturbed KS element equations of motion. She was COSPAR Associate during 2002-2005 and presented at COSPAR 2002 in Houston. She has completed a major project funded by Government of India on “Orbit predictions of a near-earth satellite under the combined effects of the earth’s oblateness and air drag in terms of KS elements”

Analytical solutions with the KS element equations of motion due to the combined effect of zonal harmonics J2, J3 and J4 and drag by considering an analytical oblate diurnal exponential density model when density scale height varies with altitude is obtained using series expansion method. Terms up to third terms in e, eccentricity, c, a small parameter depending on the ellipticity of the atmosphere and second order terms in, gradient of the scale height altitude are considered. The KS element equations are numerically integrated (NUM) through a fixed step size fourth-order Runge-Kutta-Gill method having a very small step-size of half degree in the eccentric anomaly for comparing analytically integrated (ANAL) values. After 100 revolutions, decrease in argument of perigee, at perigee height = 400 kilometer, e = 0.1 and inclination I =20 and 80 degrees, are found to be 7.42 and 39.8 degrees. At I = 80 degree, the percentage error = (ANAL - NUM) / NUM after 1 and 100 revolutions are 0.61 and 2.09. A new analytical theory for the motion of near-Earth satellite orbits with the air drag effect is developed in terms of the KS elements, utilizing an analytical oblate exponential atmospheric density model. Due to the symmetry of the KS element equations, only one of the eight equations is integrated analytically to obtain the state vector at the end of each revolution. This is a uniqueness of the present theory. The series expansions include up to quadratic terms in e (eccentricity) and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere).

Alina Paranina has received a Diploma (with distinction) of the Voronezh State Pedagogical University in \"Geography and Biology\" in 1986. In 1995, she received the academic degree PhD of Geography \"11.00.01 - Physical geography, geophysics and landscape geochemistry\" Since 1997; she has been working at the Department of Physical Geography and Nature resources, Herzen State Pedagogical University, and since 2005, as a Lecturer. Since 2012, she has been tutoring in Doctoral studies. In 2001, she conducted a research on the topic \"Information in the geographical space.\" Over the past 5 years, she is working on a research theme. She has written more than 100 studies, including one individual monography and two collective monographies.

Navigation is common to all living things: taxis, photoperiodism, orientation reflexes. Special feature of a human is the development of navigation based on instruments, which can be traced back to the Stone Age. Based on field studies and paleo-astronomical calculations, stages of the evolution of ancient navigation technology can be distinguished: 1. natural navigational tools; 2. direct visioning of horizon observatory; 3. using the same facilities as a network in which the elements are bound by the shade; 4. reverse visioning of the shadow of the gnomon: graph of shade - full trajectory of the light source in the sky, the shape of the graph - a reflection of the space-time, the basis of sign systems. Local level of navigation networks and individual instruments provides information in real time to reflect the unique conditions of the location (latitude, the shape of the physical horizon, tradition). The regional level provides internal communication; tools have similarities, reflecting regional special features of lighting modes and the applied technology. Global - provides inter-regional communications. Information modeling of the world on the basis of navigation is provided by: the relative stability of the space super-system in comparison with the dynamics of landscape; value in the life-support system and the general practice; the ability to refer to any object by its position in space-time. Basic levels of modeling of the world: the formation of geo-cultural area based on the physical development of the geographical space, the formation of information space on the basis of modeling of the world (graphic, phonetic symbols and images, the system of abstract concepts). The basic principles of modeling: polycentrism, flow, networking.